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Documentation typo fixes. (#189)
* fixed typos in 01 * fixed typos in 02 * fixed typos in 03 * fixed typos in 04 * fixed typos in 05 * fixed typos in 07
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## Choosing an instance
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If you are used to sites like Reddit, then Lemmy works in a fundamentally different way. Instead of a single website like reddit.com, there are many different websites (called _instances_). These are operated by different people, have different topics and rules. Nevertheless, posts created one instance can directly be seen by users who are registered on another. Its basically like email, but for social media.
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If you are used to sites like Reddit, then Lemmy works in a fundamentally different way. Instead of a single website like reddit.com, there are many different websites (called _instances_). These are operated by different people, have different topics and rules. Nevertheless, posts created in one instance can directly be seen by users who are registered on another. Its basically like email, but for social media.
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This means before using Lemmy and registering an account, you need to pick an instance. For this you can browse the [instance list](https://join-lemmy.org/instances) and look for one that matches your topics of interest. You can also see if the rules match your expectations, and how many users there are. It is better to avoid very big or very small instances. But don't worry too much about this choice, you can always create another account on a different instance later.
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## Registration
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Once you chose an instance, it's time to create your account. To do this, click _sign up_ in the top right of the page, or click the top right button on mobile to open a menu with _sign up_ link.
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Once you choose an instance, it's time to create your account. To do this, click _sign up_ in the top right of the page, or click the top right button on mobile to open a menu with _sign up_ link.
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[registration page screenshot]
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- **Avatar**: Profile picture that is shown next to all your posts
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- **Banner**: A header image for your profile page
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On this page you can also change the email and password. Additionally there are many other settings available, which allow customizing your browsing experience:
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On this page you can also change the email and password. Additionally there are many other settings available, which allow customizing of your browsing experience:
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- **Blocks** (tab at top of the page): Here you can block users and communities, so that their posts will be hidden.
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- **Interface language**: Which language the user interface should use.
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## Images and video
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Lemmy also allows sharing images and videos. To upload an image, go to the _Create post_ page and click the little image icon under the _URL_ field. This allows you to select a local image. If you made a mistake, a popup message allows you to delete the image. The same image button also allows uploading videos in .gif format. Instead of uploading a local file, you can also simply paste the URL of an image or video from another website.
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Lemmy also allows sharing of images and videos. To upload an image, go to the _Create post_ page and click the little image icon under the _URL_ field. This allows you to select a local image. If you made a mistake, a popup message allows you to delete the image. The same image button also allows uploading of videos in .gif format. Instead of uploading a local file, you can also simply paste the URL of an image or video from another website.
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Note that this functionality is not meant to share large images or videos, because that would require too many server resources. Instead, upload them on another platform like [Peertube](https://joinpeertube.org/) or [Pixelfed](https://pixelfed.org/), and share the link on Lemmy.
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## Votes and ranking
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Lemmy uses a voting system to sort post listings. On the left side of each post are up and down arrows, which let you _upvote_ or _downvote_ it. You can upvote posts that you like so that more users will see them. Or downvote posts so that they are less likely to be seen. Each post receives a score which is the number of upvotes minus number of downvotes.
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Lemmy uses a voting system to sort post listings. On the left side of each post there are up and down arrows, which let you _upvote_ or _downvote_ it. You can upvote posts that you like so that more users will see them. Or downvote posts so that they are less likely to be seen. Each post receives a score which is the number of upvotes minus number of downvotes.
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When browsing the frontpage or a community, you can choose between the following sort types for posts:
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- **New**: Shows most recent posts first
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- **Old**: Shows oldest posts first
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- **Most Comments**: Shows posts with highest number of comments first
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- **New Comments**: Bumps posts to the top when they receive a new reply Analogous to the sorting of traditional forums.
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- **New Comments**: Bumps posts to the top when they receive a new reply analogous to the sorting of traditional forums.
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- **Top Day**: Highest scoring posts during the last 24 hours
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- **Top Week**: Highest scoring posts during the last 7 days
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- **Top Month**: Highest scoring posts during the last 30 days
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- **Top Year**: Highest scoring posts during the last 12 months
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- **Top All Time**: Highest scoring posts during all time
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Comments are by default arranged in a hierarchy which shows at a glance who it is replying to. Top-level comments which reply directly to a post are on the very left, not indented at all. Comments that are responding to top-level comments are indented one level, and each further level of indentation means that the comment is deeper in the conversation. With this layout it is always easy to see the context for a given comment, simply scroll up to the next comment which is indented one level less.
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Comments are by default arranged in a hierarchy which shows at a glance who it is replying to. Top-level comments which reply directly to a post are on the very left, not indented at all. Comments that are responding to top-level comments are indented one level and each further level of indentation means that the comment is deeper in the conversation. With this layout it is always easy to see the context for a given comment, by simply scrolling up to the next comment which is indented one level less.
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Comments can be sorted in the following ways. These all keep the indentation intact, so only replies to the same parent are shuffled around.
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Each instance has a set of rules to let users know which content is allowed or not. These rules can be found in the sidebar and apply to all local communities on that instance. Some communities may have their own rules in the respective sidebar, which apply in addition to the instance rules.
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Because Lemmy is decentralized, there is no single moderation team for the platform, nor any platform-wide rules. Instead each instance is responsible to create and enforce its own moderation policy. This means that two Lemmy instances can have rules that completely disagree or even contradict. This can lead to problems if they interact with each other, because by default federation is open to any instance that speaks the same protocol. To handle such cases, administrators can choose to block federation with specific instances. To be even safer, they can also choose to federated only with instances that are allowed explicitly.
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Because Lemmy is decentralized, there is no single moderation team for the platform, nor any platform-wide rules. Instead each instance is responsible to create and enforce its own moderation policy. This means that two Lemmy instances can have rules that completely disagree or even contradict. This can lead to problems if they interact with each other, because by default federation is open to any instance that speaks the same protocol. To handle such cases, administrators can choose to block federation with specific instances. To be even safer, they can also choose to be federated only with instances that are allowed explicitly.
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### How to moderate
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For this purpose we will consider as censorship anything that prevents a person from expressing their opinion, regardless of any moral considerations. All the options explained here also have legitimate uses, such as deleting spam. Nevertheless it is important for users to understand why their posts are getting removed and how to avoid it.
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The first and most common source of censorship in this sense is the admin of a given Lemmy instance. Due to the way federation works, an admin has complete control over his instance, and can arbitrarily delete content or ban users. The moderation log helps to provide transparency into such actions.
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The first and most common source of censorship in this sense is the admin of a given Lemmy instance. Due to the way federation works, an admin has complete control over their instance, and can arbitrarily delete content or ban users. The moderation log helps to provide transparency into such actions.
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The second source of censorship is through legal means. This often happens for copyright violation, but can also be used for other cases. What usually happens in this case is that the instance admin receives a takedown notice from the hosting provider or domain registrar. If the targeted content is not removed within a few days, the site gets taken down. The only way to avoid this is to choose the hosting company and country carefully, and avoid those which might consider the content as illegal.
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Another way to censor is through social pressure on admins. This can range from spamming reports for unwanted content, to public posts from influental community members _demanding_ to take certain content down. Such pressure can keep mounting for days or weeks, making it seem like everyone supports these demands. But in fact it is often nothing more than a vocal minority. It is the task of admins to gauge the true opinion of their community. Community members should also push back if a minority tries to impose its views on everyone else.
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All of this shows that it is relatively easy to censor a single Lemmy instance. Even a group of instances can be censored if share the same admin team, hosting infrastructure or country. Here it is important that an admin can only censor content on his own instance, or communities which are hosted on his instance. Other instances will be unaffected. So if there is a problem with censorship, it can always be solved by using a different Lemmy instance, or creating a new one.
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All of this shows that it is relatively easy to censor a single Lemmy instance. Even a group of instances can be censored if they share the same admin team, hosting infrastructure or country. Here it is important that an admin can only censor content on their own instance, or communities which are hosted on his instance. Other instances will be unaffected. So if there is a problem with censorship, it can always be solved by using a different Lemmy instance, or creating a new one.
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But what if the goal was to censor the entire Lemmy network? This is inherently difficult because there is no single entity which has control over all instances. The closest thing to such an entity are the developers, because they can make changes to the code that all the instances run. For example, developers could decide to implement a hardcoded block for certain domains, so that they can't federate anymore. However, changes need to be released and then installed by instance admins. Those who are affected would have no reason to upgrade. And because the code is open source, they could publish a forked software version without these blocks. So the effect would be very limited, but it would split the project and result in loss of reputation for the developers. This is probably the reason why it has never happened on any Fediverse platform.
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Open source developers like myself have long watched the rise of the “Big Five”, the US tech giants that have managed to capture nearly all the world’s everyday communication into their hands. We’ve been asking ourselves why people have moved away from content-focused sites, and what we can do to subvert this trend, in a way that is easily accessible to a non-tech focused audience.
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The barriers to entry on the web are much lower than say in the physical world: all it takes is a computer and some coding knowhow… yet the predominating social media firms have been able to stave off competition for at least two reasons: their sites are easy to use, and they have huge numbers of users already (the “first mover” advantage). The latter is more important; if you’ve ever tried to get someone to use a different chat app, you’ll know what I mean.
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The barriers to entry on the web are much lower than say in the physical world: all it takes is a computer and some coding knowhow… yet the predominant social media firms have been able to stave off competition for at least two reasons: their sites are easy to use, and they have huge numbers of users already (the “first mover” advantage). The latter is more important; if you’ve ever tried to get someone to use a different chat app, you’ll know what I mean.
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Now I loved early Reddit, not just for the way that it managed to put all the news for the communities and topics I wanted to see in a single place, but for the discussion trees behind every link posted. I still have many of these saved, and have gained so much more from the discussion behind the links, than I have from the links themselves. In my view, its the community-focused, tree-like discussions, as well as the ability to make, grow, and curate communities, that has made Reddit the 5th most popular site in the US, and where so many people around the world get their news.
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But that ship sailed years ago; the early innovative spirit of Reddit left with Aaron Schwartz: its libertarian founders have allowed some of the most racist and sexist online communities to fester on Reddit for years, only occasionally removing them only when community outcry reaches a fever pitch. Reddit closed its source code years ago, and the Reddit redesign has become a bloated anti-privacy mess.
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But that ship sailed years ago; the early innovative spirit of Reddit left with Aaron Schwartz: its libertarian founders have allowed some of the most racist and sexist online communities to fester on Reddit for years, only occasionally removing them when community outcry reaches a fever pitch. Reddit closed its source code years ago, and the Reddit redesign has become a bloated anti-privacy mess.
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Its become absorbed into that silicon valley surveillance-capitalist machine that commodifies users to sell ads and paid flairs, and propagandizes pro-US interests above all. Software technology being one of the last monopoly exports the US has, it would be naive to think that one of the top 5 most popular social media sites, where so many people around the world get their news, would be anything other than a mouthpiece for the interests of those same US coastal tech firms.
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